How TET activity can be modulated by metabolites, including vitamin C and 2-hydroxyglutarate, and its potential application in shaping the course of immune response will be discussed. These ground-breaking discoveri … In this review, we provide an overview on how profile of 5hmC and TET enzymes are powerful mechanisms to explain neuronal plasticity and long-term behaviors, such as cognition. This review focuses on the kinetic and inhibitory properties of the TET enzymes and the role of TETs in cellular differentiation and transformation and in cancer. Despite our understanding of the biochemical activities of TET proteins, how TET loss of function promotes the onset and progression of hematopoietic malignancies is largely unknown. During the past decade, we have learnt that the most common DNA modification, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), playing crucial roles in … TET enzymes, DNA modification, and DNA demethylation. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries of the functions of TET enzymes in the development and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. In a final section, we speculate on the potential involvement of TET proteins in DNA repair mechanisms associated with transcription activation. In a review article, Myunggon Ko from the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea and colleagues describe how enzymes of the Ten-eleven translocation (TET… Here, we review the known functions of 5hmC and TET enzymes in neural progenitor cell biology and embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis. It is well established that TET activity is modulated by oxygen availability and it is often linked or in some cases even directly regulated by HIF. (A) TET-mediated 5mC oxidation. The ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosines (5mCs) and promote locus-specific reversal of DNA methylation. In the second scenario (lower panel), Tet enzymes tend to an unmethylated or hypomethylated region continuously to ensure the timely removal of 5mC added by de novo methyltransferases. Here, we review our current knowledge regarding the role of the regulation of the 5-mC/5-hmC balance by TET enzymes in the context of transcription modulation as well as DNA repair processes. TET genes, and especially TET2 , are frequently mutated in various cancers, but how the TET proteins contribute to prevent the onset and maintenance of these malignancies is largely unknown. In this review, we attempted to highlight the complicated role of hypoxia on TET enzymes. Without Tet-mediated 5mC oxidation (Tet KO), the hypermethylation state would be preserved. During the past decade, we have learnt that the most common DNA modification, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), playing crucial roles in development and disease, is not stable but can be actively reversed to its unmodified form via enzymatic catalysis involving the TET enzymes. The TET family of proteins includes 3 isoforms (TET1-3) that are 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent enzymes, also known as the TET methyl-cytosine dioxygenases (Tahiliani et al., 2009). In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of TET proteins in mouse ESCs, and other vertebrate model systems, with a particular focus on TET functions in pluripotency, differentiation, and developmental DNA methylome reprogramming. We also discuss how TET enzymes and 5hmC regulate neuronal activity and brain function and highlight their implications in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. More specifically, we discuss how the current knowledge integrates the function of each TET enzyme in neurophysiology and brain function.
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